Firearms and Ballistics Roleplay Guide
Firearms Examination is one of the least complicated procedures to do roleplaywise yet everything has to be done correctly without decreasing the quality of roleplay. When you're starting off fresh, you might not understand how and what you're supposed to do and what is the procedure so this guide is basically a starter kit for roleplay.
Noteworthy points that you have to remember when examining a firearm:
- Roleplay as if the firearm could be armed. Make sure you roleplay that you're doing everything with safety in the first place. That includes evidence contamination. Make sure you're wearing gloves, extracting the firearm from the case, and removing it from the bag that it's seized in. Firearms are strapped with zipties inside of the case.
- Depending on the side of the firearm, roleplay it accordingly. The heavier the firearm, the less you can multitask. Do everything step by step. Small arms firearms can be easily carried from place A to place B, yet assault rifles are much heavier and we're not going to be holding them in one hand and doing other things with the other.
- It's important to roleplay returning the firearm to the evidence locker. That means, roleplay packaging it back together, and bringing it back to the evidence locker. (Includes submitting it back into the evidence locker).
The procedure is as follows:
UNPACKING
Make sure you're wearing your lab equipment and gloves. Remove the firearm from the case and the bag, unstrapping it from the zipties and setting it up on the examination table. Make sure that the firearm is not chambered. You can always roleplay examining the firearm for any damage so that the firearm would not malfunction in the process of testing it. Additionally, it is important that if safety is applicable, set the firearm on safe.
BALLISTICS ROOM
Now you would head over to the ballistics room to rest the firearm on the nearest table that could be located inside or outside of the actual ballistics room where the water tank is located, depending on the location where you're examining it (PAB or MRS). There you would load the firearm with the magazine with about five live rounds.
From there you would head over to the water tank and aim the firearm inside the water but do not place the firearm itself into the water which is common sense. Remove the safety if applicable and fire five rounds into the water tank. After firing the firearm into the water, you'd allow the cartridge casings to be ejected from the firearm. If safety is applicable on the firearm, set the firearm on safe and check the chamber to make sure it's empty. Rest the firearm on the nearest table and collect the casings using paper or protective gloves but remember that the casings will still be hot (depending on the examination, you also extract the actual bullets that have been fired into the water tank). Take the casings to the table where further examination will be done.
EXAMINING
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...[tsslogo=250][/tsslogo]
LOS SANTOS POLICE DEPARTMENT
Detective Bureau
FIREARMS EXAMINATION
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Principles of Firearms Examination
The firearm’s surfaces (firing pin/striker, breech, barrel, etc.) that contact the softer cartridge case and bullet contain random, unique, microscopic irregularities that make it different from other firearms - even those of the exact same model. These differences can be used to identify or eliminate a weapon as being used in a crime, if a cartridge case or bullet is recovered at the crime scene. This is done by comparing the markings made on the cartridge cases or bullets when fired, using the firearms examiner’s key tool: the comparison microscope.
In conjunction with this, the examiner has the ability to explain how a firearm functions and what safety features a firearm might have. This can have an impact on investigations of suicides, unintentional shootings and accidental firearm discharge.
General (Class) Rifling Characteristics
There are several general characteristics associated with firearms that can help lead the investigation. These include the caliber (bore diameter) of the barrel, the number and dimension of the grooved impressions inside a gun barrel, and the direction of the twist of these rifling grooves (clockwise or counterclockwise).
To help stabilize the flightpath of a bullet, manufacturers cut spiral grooves into the gun barrel. This pattern of grooves on the barrel leaves corresponding raised and lowered areas on the surface of the bullets fired from it. Measuring the number and width of these gross impressions can help firearms examiners narrow the range of possible weapons to a particular class of firearm.
(Note: Some manufacturers use a technique called polygonal rifling that doesn’t allow for this type of assessment due to the rounded profile of the rifling pattern.)
Individual Characteristics
While general characteristics can lead investigators to conclude that the bullet or cartridge was fired from a particular class of firearm, such as a .45 caliber revolver, other more specific marks can help identify the make and model of firearm that was used. These individual characteristics can be marks produced by random imperfections during manufacturing or irregularities caused by use, corrosion or damage.
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Comparing groove impressions on a bullet recovered from a crime scene (left) to a bullet fired from a .357 magnum (right) under 20× magnification.
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Comparison of a cartridge case recovered from a crime scene (left) to a cartridge case fired from a .357 Magnum (right) under a comparison microscope at 15× magnification.
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This photo shows the split screen image the scientist sees using the comparison microscope. The right side of the photo shows the test bullet fired from the suspect's gun into the water tank and the left side, the bullet recovered from the crime scene. The marks or striations on each bullet match, indicating that the two bullets were fired from the same weapon.
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Firearms evidence can usually be found at any crime scene where a weapon has been fired. These include crimes such as murders, armed robberies and aggravated assaults.
When evidence such as shotshell casings, cartridge cases, bullets and slugs is found at a crime scene—or recovered from victims, buildings, furniture, vehicles, trees, etc.—an examiner can analyze it to determine the type of firearm used. The examiner can also compare shotshell casings, cartridge cases and bullets from different crime scenes to determine if a common firearm was used.
When a firearm is recovered, the examiner can either identify or eliminate it as the firearm used in the crime, provided that (1) it still fires and (2) there is evidence such as a cartridge case or bullet for comparison. If the firearm is identified as the one used in the shooting, the examiner will measure the trigger pressure, determine if the weapon functions properly and ensure that the safety features are working, which can support or eliminate potential defenses such as accidental discharge.
In addition to obvious types of firearms evidence, the evidence left behind could include gunshot residue and powder burns. Examiners can use this evidence to determine distances involved in shootings so they can reconstruct the incident. This can be used to support or refute an account of the shooting.
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Firearms Evidence that May be Found
The range of evidence in firearms-related cases can be as small as a piece of a bullet fragment which has rifling marks or as large as hundreds of bullets and cartridge cases and numerous firearms. Even from small samples, information can be developed to indicate the type of firearm used and possibly identify the actual firearm that was used.
Other firearms evidence that could be found at a shooting scene includes shotshell wads and shot pellets; these can indicate the gauge of the shotgun. Wads and pellets can be gathered and preserved in the same manner as bullets and cartridge cases.
By examining wadding materials, the examiner may be able to determine:
- the gauge of the shotgun
- the manufacturer or marketer
- a range of possible shot sizes based on impressions in the shotshell wad
- individual characteristics (in some cases)
Gunshot residues fall into two categories. The first type is gathered from the suspected shooter’s hands with a collection kit. The purpose of the examination is to determine if a person has recently handled or fired a weapon. Since it doesn’t determine which firearm was fired or when, this testing has limited value, and many laboratories have stopped performing these examinations. The second type looks for residues on items such as a victim’s clothing in an effort to determine the muzzle-to-target distance. Many times this type of evidence is not visible to the naked eye and requires microscopic examination and chemical testing to develop. The victim’s clothing must be handled with care, air dried and stored in paper containers in order to provide useful evidence.
Gunshot residue analysis from the hands of the shooter mainly detects trace amounts of primer residue.
The amount of gunshot residue (GSR) deposits decrease rapidly in the first hour after firing the weapon, and generally, no residue can be expected after six hours from a living person. However, in the case of suicides, GSR can last for several hours after the time of shooting. In all cases, it is critical to collect the sample correctly. GSR sample from a live subject should be collected as soon as possible after the shooting, ideally immediately after encountering the subject in the field. A single collection kit for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) adhesive disc type sampling collection method should be used.
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A complete high quality GSR field sampling kit, containing certified SEM pin stubs with double coated adhesive carbon tabs in plastic tubes. The certified SEM pin stubs have very low amounts of Pb, Sb and Ba, not detectable by SEM/EDX. The caps hold the GSR sample disc for easy and secure GSR collection. The discs are ready to use and the tubes are pre-labeled for the sampling areas. The sturdy transport box is tamper evident sealed.
- Hands should be washed thoroughly.
- The GSR kit is opened ensuring that the tamper evident seal is intact.
- Disposable gloves must be worn.
- The sample disc labeled RIGHT HAND is selected. The amber disc holder is removed from the vial. The disc should not be touched to anything else but the subject’s hands.
- To collect residue samples from the subject’s hand, the adhesive disc is pressed against the back and palm of the right hand systematically until the disc loses its stickiness. The disc should not be slid or rotated. The area on the back of the thumb, the web between the junction of the thumb and the back of the index finger, and down the back of the index finger extending to the tip of the finger, are the areas to concentrate on. The knuckles should be flexed to allow sampling there. The same procedure should be used for sampling the palms. The palm, the front of the thumb, web, and index finger are dabbed.
After the adhesive surface has been used and the sampling from the hand is complete, the disc is resealed in the clear labeled vial provided.
- The same process is performed on the LEFT HAND disc.
- The remaining disc is used as a CONTROL, so it should not be opened.
- The vials should be labeled with all the information required, e.g., subject’s name and officer’s identification and placed back in the box.
- It is then submitted to the local crime lab along with the required documentation such as a submission form.
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Filed Test:
- Dry glass-fiber swabs are used for this purpose.
- After the particles are collected, the swabs are dipped in the color-developing solution (made from concentrated sulfuric acid and diphenylamine).
- The diphenylamine solution, clear initially, changes to a blue color when oxidized by the nitrates from residual nitroglycerine (NG) and nitrocellulose (NC).
Explosive compounds like nitroglycerine and nitrocellulose are gunpowder which are part of the gunshot residue.
Scanning Electron Microscope:
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) are well established techniques for the classiï¬Âcation of gunshot residue (GSR) in forensic examinations. EDS analysis allows the identification of particles and classification of their characteristic chemical composition. Consequently, common GSR elements such as lead, antimony and barium (which are the major primer elements) can easily be detected.
For a positive GSR result, the following criteria must be met:
- Particles must contain all three primer elements: Lead, Barium and Antimony
- Particles must have a spheroid shape (rounded, non-crystalline, irregular, and molten)
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How the Samples are Collected
Firearms evidence can be recovered in a number of ways and areas. Firearms themselves can be recovered at shooting scenes by crime scene investigators and sent to the laboratory. Bullets, bullet fragments, cartridge cases, shotshell wadding, etc., are normally collected individually after proper documentation/photography and sent to the laboratory.
Bullet evidence can also be obtained at autopsy or in an emergency room setting. In these cases the sample should be marked as a biohazard and then sent to the laboratory. Each laboratory has written procedures for packaging and submitting evidence.
Bullets/slugs that do not strike a person are often imbedded into a nearby surface such as wood/drywall. This evidence is best gathered by cutting out a section of the material and submitting it to the laboratory to allow a firearms examiner to carefully extract it. This prevents adding or destroying any markings that could be crucial to identifying or matching the suspected firearm.
How and Where the Analysis is Performed
Actual items of evidence are submitted to either crime laboratories or private laboratories according to the requesting agency’s policies and procedures. These items should be submitted in a manner that follows good chain-of-custody protocols.
The laboratory will have certain items of equipment available to conduct the examinations required. Measuring devices such as calipers and balances are used to weigh and measure bullet evidence. Stereo microscopes are used to determine basic class characteristics of fired bullets, bullet fragments and cartridge/shotshell cases. A comparison microscope is used for the examination of fired bullets, bullet fragments and cartridge/shotshell cases. Equipment used for the examination of firearms include the above items plus special equipment to measure the trigger pull of the firearm and examine the interior of the barrel. Also there must be facilities to test-fire the submitted firearm and recover fired bullets and cartridge cases. Most laboratories use a water recovery method, which is a large tank of water with a port into which the firearm is discharged. There are other systems used as well, such as metal boxes containing cotton waste material.
NIBIN Program - How it Works?
The NIBIN Program automates ballistics evaluations and provides actionable investigative leads in a timely manner. NIBIN is the only interstate automated ballistic imaging network in operation in the United States and is available to most major population centers in the United States.
Prior to the NIBIN (National Integrated Ballistic Information Network) Program, firearms examiners performed this process manually which was extremely labor intensive. To use NIBIN, firearms examiners or technicians enter cartridge casing evidence into the Integrated Ballistic Identification System. These images are correlated against the database. Law enforcement can search against evidence from their jurisdiction, neighboring ones, and others across the country. This program is one investigative tool accessed by law enforcement that allows each of us to share information and cooperation easily making all of us more effective in closing cases.
- IBIS BRASSTRAX:
The BRASSTRAX acquisition station enables entry of cartridge case information onto an IBIS (Integrated Ballistics Identification System) network. BRASSTRAX captures high-resolution 2D images and precise 3D topographic information of significant regions of interest. This includes the breech face and firing pin impressions on the primer and ejector mark for centerfire cartridge cases. For rimfire cartridge cases, the firing pin impression is captured. A detailed reference image of the complete head is also captured.
Most of the acquisition process is fully automated to minimize user input and reduce operator variability. Automation of image focus, image lighting, and region of interest outlining, ensures consistent image quality for visualization and uniformity for optimal comparisons.
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- Firing pin impressions: When a weapon's trigger is pulled, the firing pin is forced into the primer cup located at the rear center of the cartridge.
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- Breech face marks: These marks come from the area surrounding the firing pin of the gun. After the cartridge powder is ignited by the firing pin striking the primer cup, tremendous pressure is exerted in the chamber of the weapon, forcing the back of the cartridge case against the breech face of the weapon.
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- Extractor marks: After a semi-automatic firearm has been fired, an extractor pulls the cartridge from the chamber and ejects it from the weapon.
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- IBIS BULLETTRAX:
BULLETTRAX is the projectile acquisition tool for IBIS. It digitally captures the surface of a projectile in 2D and 3D and provides a topographic model of the marks on its circumference.
The BULLETTRAX acquisition station allows the entry of information relating to the projectile on the IBIS network. It identifies the microscopic details on the surface and the macroscopic shape of the projectile. BULLETTRAX uses intelligent surface tracking technology to automatically adapt to deformations present on damaged or fragmented projectiles.
After initial setup by the user, the acquisition process is fully automated. This reduces the amount of user training required and produces consistent image quality as well as optimal comparison performance.
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So now that you have learned how to properly RP examining firearms and conducting ballistics analysis, you can follow these steps to utilize the script:
- Use either /casing testweapon or /casing testserial in the laboratory.
- If the system found any matches, screenshot the results.
- If the system was unable to find any matches, equip the gun and fire several times. (Note that you RP'ly shoot the gun anyway, but only proceed to do it scriptly if there were no matches found.) Collect the casings afterwards and label them like this: /casing setlabel all Exemplars: Firearm - Serial - Date & Time
- Submit the casings by pressing Y in the laboratory. One important note is that you must make sure you have submitted at least 10 casings, so if you fired 10 times but 5 casing were automatically discarded upon submission, you should try again and submit 5 more!
- Wait exactly 40 minutes and then run the command again: /casing testweapon or /casing testserial
- Screenshot the results for the matches that are not the exemplars. If you got matches only to your own exemplars, simply conclude the analysis with a ''no-matches'' result.
- Always leave the weapons inside VHQ/MRS evidence locker after you are done.
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[divbox=white][center][b][size=150]Firearms and Ballistics Roleplay Guide[/size][/b][/center]
Firearms Examination is one of the least complicated procedures to do roleplaywise yet everything has to be done correctly without decreasing the quality of roleplay. When you're starting off fresh, you might not understand how and what you're supposed to do and what is the procedure so this guide is basically a starter kit for roleplay.
Noteworthy points that you have to remember when examining a firearm:
[list=][*]Roleplay as if the firearm could be armed. Make sure you roleplay that you're doing everything with safety in the first place. That includes evidence contamination. Make sure you're wearing gloves, extracting the firearm from the case, and removing it from the bag that it's seized in. Firearms are strapped with zipties inside of the case.
[*]Depending on the side of the firearm, roleplay it accordingly. The heavier the firearm, the less you can multitask. Do everything step by step. Small arms firearms can be easily carried from place A to place B, yet assault rifles are much heavier and we're not going to be holding them in one hand and doing other things with the other.
[*]It's important to roleplay returning the firearm to the evidence locker. That means, roleplay packaging it back together, and bringing it back to the evidence locker. (Includes submitting it back into the evidence locker). [/list]
The procedure is as follows:
[center][b]UNPACKING[/b][/center]
[img]https://i.imgur.com/fuwyKQI.png[/img]
Make sure you're wearing your lab equipment and gloves. Remove the firearm from the case and the bag, unstrapping it from the zipties and setting it up on the examination table. Make sure that the firearm is not chambered. You can always roleplay examining the firearm for any damage so that the firearm would not malfunction in the process of testing it. Additionally, it is important that if safety is applicable, set the firearm on safe.
[center][b]BALLISTICS ROOM[/b][/center]
[img]https://i.imgur.com/iXjEEgb.png[/img]
Now you would head over to the ballistics room to rest the firearm on the nearest table that could be located inside or outside of the actual ballistics room where the water tank is located, depending on the location where you're examining it (PAB or MRS). There you would load the firearm with the magazine with about five live rounds.
[img]https://i.imgur.com/2EWbCtB.png[/img]
From there you would head over to the water tank and aim the firearm inside the water but do not place the firearm itself into the water which is common sense. Remove the safety if applicable and fire five rounds into the water tank. After firing the firearm into the water, you'd allow the cartridge casings to be ejected from the firearm. If safety is applicable on the firearm, set the firearm on safe and check the chamber to make sure it's empty. Rest the firearm on the nearest table and collect the casings using paper or protective gloves but remember that the casings will still be hot (depending on the examination, you also extract the actual bullets that have been fired into the water tank). Take the casings to the table where further examination will be done.
[center][b]EXAMINING[/b][/center]
[divbox=white][center][color=transparent]...[/color]
[lspdlogo=250][/lspdlogo][color=transparent]...[/color][tsslogo=250][/tsslogo]
[img]https://i.imgur.com/NrEAdrY.png[/img][size=130] [b]LOS SANTOS POLICE DEPARTMENT[/b][/size][img]https://i.imgur.com/NrEAdrY.png[/img]
[size=100][b]Detective Bureau[/b][/size]
[size=90][color=#004040][b]FIREARMS EXAMINATION[/b][/color][/size][/center]
[color=#FFFFFF].[/color]
[i][center]A complementary guide to [url=https://lspd.gta.world/viewtopic.php?p=48813#p48813]CSI Manual - Firearms and Tool marks[/url][/center][/i]
[hr][/hr]
[divbox=black][center][b][color=#FFFFFF]Principles of Firearms Examination[/color][/b][/center][/divbox]
[divbox=white]
The firearm’s surfaces (firing pin/striker, breech, barrel, etc.) that contact the softer cartridge case and bullet contain random, unique, microscopic irregularities that make it different from other firearms - even those of the exact same model. These differences can be used to identify or eliminate a weapon as being used in a crime, if a cartridge case or bullet is recovered at the crime scene. This is done by comparing the markings made on the cartridge cases or bullets when fired, using the firearms examiner’s key tool: the comparison microscope.
In conjunction with this, the examiner has the ability to explain how a firearm functions and what safety features a firearm might have. This can have an impact on investigations of suicides, unintentional shootings and accidental firearm discharge.
[divbox=white][center][b]General (Class) Rifling Characteristics[/b][/center][/divbox]
There are several general characteristics associated with firearms that can help lead the investigation. These include the caliber (bore diameter) of the barrel, the number and dimension of the grooved impressions inside a gun barrel, and the direction of the twist of these rifling grooves (clockwise or counterclockwise).
To help stabilize the flightpath of a bullet, manufacturers cut spiral grooves into the gun barrel. This pattern of grooves on the barrel leaves corresponding raised and lowered areas on the surface of the bullets fired from it. Measuring the number and width of these gross impressions can help firearms examiners narrow the range of possible weapons to a particular class of firearm.
(Note: Some manufacturers use a technique called polygonal rifling that doesn’t allow for this type of assessment due to the rounded profile of the rifling pattern.)
[divbox=white][center][b]Individual Characteristics[/b][/center][/divbox]
While general characteristics can lead investigators to conclude that the bullet or cartridge was fired from a particular class of firearm, such as a .45 caliber revolver, other more specific marks can help identify the make and model of firearm that was used. These individual characteristics can be marks produced by random imperfections during manufacturing or irregularities caused by use, corrosion or damage.
[color=#FFFFFF].[/color]
[center][img]https://i.imgur.com/Bx28jlr.jpg[/img][/center]
[color=#FFFFFF].[/color]
[center][size=85][i]Comparing groove impressions on a bullet recovered from a crime scene (left) to a bullet fired from a .357 magnum (right) under 20× magnification.[/i][/size][/center]
[color=#FFFFFF].[/color]
[center][img]https://i.imgur.com/0W8zv0o.jpg[/img][/center]
[color=#FFFFFF].[/color]
[center][size=85][i]Comparison of a cartridge case recovered from a crime scene (left) to a cartridge case fired from a .357 Magnum (right) under a comparison microscope at 15× magnification.[/i][/size][/center]
[color=#FFFFFF].[/color]
[center][img]https://i.imgur.com/HYNjR0Z.png[/img][/center]
[color=#FFFFFF].[/color]
[size=85][i]This photo shows the split screen image the scientist sees using the comparison microscope. The right side of the photo shows the test bullet fired from the suspect's gun into the water tank and the left side, the bullet recovered from the crime scene. The marks or striations on each bullet match, indicating that the two bullets were fired from the same weapon.[/i][/size]
[color=#FFFFFF].[/color]
[/divbox]
[divbox=black][center][b][color=#FFFFFF]Applications[/color][/b][/center][/divbox]
[divbox=white]Firearms evidence can usually be found at any crime scene where a weapon has been fired. These include crimes such as murders, armed robberies and aggravated assaults.
When evidence such as shotshell casings, cartridge cases, bullets and slugs is found at a crime scene—or recovered from victims, buildings, furniture, vehicles, trees, etc.—an examiner can analyze it to determine the type of firearm used. The examiner can also compare shotshell casings, cartridge cases and bullets from different crime scenes to determine if a common firearm was used.
When a firearm is recovered, the examiner can either identify or eliminate it as the firearm used in the crime, provided that (1) it still fires and (2) there is evidence such as a cartridge case or bullet for comparison. If the firearm is identified as the one used in the shooting, the examiner will measure the trigger pressure, determine if the weapon functions properly and ensure that the safety features are working, which can support or eliminate potential defenses such as accidental discharge.
In addition to obvious types of firearms evidence, the evidence left behind could include gunshot residue and powder burns. Examiners can use this evidence to determine distances involved in shootings so they can reconstruct the incident. This can be used to support or refute an account of the shooting.
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[/divbox]
[divbox=black][center][b][color=#FFFFFF]How It's Done[/color][/b][/center][/divbox]
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[divbox=white][center][b]Firearms Evidence that May be Found[/b][/center][/divbox]
The range of evidence in firearms-related cases can be as small as a piece of a bullet fragment which has rifling marks or as large as hundreds of bullets and cartridge cases and numerous firearms. Even from small samples, information can be developed to indicate the type of firearm used and possibly identify the actual firearm that was used.
Other firearms evidence that could be found at a shooting scene includes shotshell wads and shot pellets; these can indicate the gauge of the shotgun. Wads and pellets can be gathered and preserved in the same manner as bullets and cartridge cases.
By examining wadding materials, the examiner may be able to determine:
[list][*]the gauge of the shotgun
[*]the manufacturer or marketer
[*]a range of possible shot sizes based on impressions in the shotshell wad
[*]individual characteristics (in some cases)[/list]
[b]Gunshot residues[/b] fall into two categories. The first type is gathered from the suspected shooter’s hands with a collection kit. The purpose of the examination is to determine if a person has recently handled or fired a weapon. Since it doesn’t determine which firearm was fired or when, this testing has limited value, and many laboratories have stopped performing these examinations. The second type looks for residues on items such as a victim’s clothing in an effort to determine the muzzle-to-target distance. Many times this type of evidence is not visible to the naked eye and requires microscopic examination and chemical testing to develop. The victim’s clothing must be handled with care, air dried and stored in paper containers in order to provide useful evidence.
[divbox=white][center][b]Gunshot Residue Analysis[/b][/center][/divbox]
Gunshot residue analysis from the hands of the shooter mainly detects trace amounts of primer residue.
The amount of gunshot residue (GSR) deposits decrease rapidly in the first hour after firing the weapon, and generally, no residue can be expected after six hours from a living person. However, in the case of suicides, GSR can last for several hours after the time of shooting. In all cases, it is critical to collect the sample correctly. GSR sample from a live subject should be collected as soon as possible after the shooting, ideally immediately after encountering the subject in the field. A single collection kit for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) adhesive disc type sampling collection method should be used.
[color=#FFFFFF].[/color]
[center][img]https://i.imgur.com/cCBe0vN.jpg[/img][img]https://i.imgur.com/IlNEDrI.jpg[/img][/center]
[color=#FFFFFF].[/color]
[size=85][i]A complete high quality GSR field sampling kit, containing certified SEM pin stubs with double coated adhesive carbon tabs in plastic tubes. The certified SEM pin stubs have very low amounts of Pb, Sb and Ba, not detectable by SEM/EDX. The caps hold the GSR sample disc for easy and secure GSR collection. The discs are ready to use and the tubes are pre-labeled for the sampling areas. The sturdy transport box is tamper evident sealed.[/i][/size]
[list=1][*]Hands should be washed thoroughly.
[*]The GSR kit is opened ensuring that the tamper evident seal is intact.
[*]Disposable gloves must be worn.
[*]The sample disc labeled RIGHT HAND is selected. The amber disc holder is removed from the vial. The disc should not be touched to anything else but the subject’s hands.
[*]To collect residue samples from the subject’s hand, the adhesive disc is pressed against the back and palm of the right hand systematically until the disc loses its stickiness. The disc should not be slid or rotated. The area on the back of the thumb, the web between the junction of the thumb and the back of the index finger, and down the back of the index finger extending to the tip of the finger, are the areas to concentrate on. The knuckles should be flexed to allow sampling there. The same procedure should be used for sampling the palms. The palm, the front of the thumb, web, and index finger are dabbed.
After the adhesive surface has been used and the sampling from the hand is complete, the disc is resealed in the clear labeled vial provided.
[*]The same process is performed on the LEFT HAND disc.
[*]The remaining disc is used as a CONTROL, so it should not be opened.
[*]The vials should be labeled with all the information required, e.g., subject’s name and officer’s identification and placed back in the box.
[*]It is then submitted to the local crime lab along with the required documentation such as a submission form.[/list]
[color=#FFFFFF].[/color]
[center][img]https://i.imgur.com/GqL8mx2.jpg[/img][img]https://i.imgur.com/Iw53hhz.jpg[/img][/center]
[color=#FFFFFF].[/color]
[b]Filed Test:[/b]
[list=1][*]Dry glass-fiber swabs are used for this purpose.
[*]After the particles are collected, the swabs are dipped in the color-developing solution (made from concentrated sulfuric acid and diphenylamine).
[*]The diphenylamine solution, clear initially, changes to a blue color when oxidized by the nitrates from residual nitroglycerine (NG) and nitrocellulose (NC).
Explosive compounds like nitroglycerine and nitrocellulose are gunpowder which are part of the gunshot residue.[/list]
[b]Scanning Electron Microscope:[/b]
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) are well established techniques for the classiï¬Âcation of gunshot residue (GSR) in forensic examinations. EDS analysis allows the identification of particles and classification of their characteristic chemical composition. Consequently, common GSR elements such as lead, antimony and barium (which are the major primer elements) can easily be detected.
For a positive GSR result, the following criteria must be met:
[list][*]Particles must contain all three primer elements: [u]Lead[/u], [u]Barium[/u] and [u]Antimony[/u]
[*]Particles must have a spheroid shape (rounded, non-crystalline, irregular, and molten)[/list]
[color=#FFFFFF].[/color]
[divbox=white][center][b]How the Samples are Collected[/b][/center][/divbox]
Firearms evidence can be recovered in a number of ways and areas. Firearms themselves can be recovered at shooting scenes by crime scene investigators and sent to the laboratory. Bullets, bullet fragments, cartridge cases, shotshell wadding, etc., are normally collected individually after proper documentation/photography and sent to the laboratory. [u]Bullet evidence can also be obtained at autopsy or in an emergency room setting.[/u] In these cases the sample should be marked as a biohazard and then sent to the laboratory. Each laboratory has written procedures for packaging and submitting evidence.
Bullets/slugs that do not strike a person are often imbedded into a nearby surface such as wood/drywall. This evidence is best gathered by cutting out a section of the material and submitting it to the laboratory to allow a firearms examiner to carefully extract it. This prevents adding or destroying any markings that could be crucial to identifying or matching the suspected firearm.
[divbox=white][center][b]How and Where the Analysis is Performed[/b][/center][/divbox]
Actual items of evidence are submitted to either crime laboratories or private laboratories according to the requesting agency’s policies and procedures. These items should be submitted in a manner that follows good chain-of-custody protocols.
The laboratory will have certain items of equipment available to conduct the examinations required. Measuring devices such as calipers and balances are used to weigh and measure bullet evidence. Stereo microscopes are used to determine basic class characteristics of fired bullets, bullet fragments and cartridge/shotshell cases. A comparison microscope is used for the examination of fired bullets, bullet fragments and cartridge/shotshell cases. Equipment used for the examination of firearms include the above items plus special equipment to measure the trigger pull of the firearm and examine the interior of the barrel. Also there must be facilities to test-fire the submitted firearm and recover fired bullets and cartridge cases. Most laboratories use a water recovery method, which is a large tank of water with a port into which the firearm is discharged. There are other systems used as well, such as metal boxes containing cotton waste material.
[divbox=white][center][b]NIBIN Program - How it Works?[/b][/center][/divbox]
The NIBIN Program automates ballistics evaluations and provides actionable investigative leads in a timely manner. NIBIN is the only interstate automated ballistic imaging network in operation in the United States and is available to most major population centers in the United States.
Prior to the NIBIN (National Integrated Ballistic Information Network) Program, firearms examiners performed this process manually which was extremely labor intensive. To use NIBIN, firearms examiners or technicians enter cartridge casing evidence into the Integrated Ballistic Identification System. These images are correlated against the database. Law enforcement can search against evidence from their jurisdiction, neighboring ones, and others across the country. This program is one investigative tool accessed by law enforcement that allows each of us to share information and cooperation easily making all of us more effective in closing cases.
[list][*][b]IBIS BRASSTRAX:[/b]
The BRASSTRAX acquisition station enables entry of cartridge case information onto an IBIS (Integrated Ballistics Identification System) network. BRASSTRAX captures high-resolution 2D images and precise 3D topographic information of significant regions of interest. This includes the breech face and firing pin impressions on the primer and ejector mark for centerfire cartridge cases. For rimfire cartridge cases, the firing pin impression is captured. A detailed reference image of the complete head is also captured.
Most of the acquisition process is fully automated to minimize user input and reduce operator variability. Automation of image focus, image lighting, and region of interest outlining, ensures consistent image quality for visualization and uniformity for optimal comparisons.
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[spoiler][img]https://i.imgur.com/bN8q52F.jpg[/img][/spoiler]
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[list][*][b]Firing pin impressions:[/b] When a weapon's trigger is pulled, the firing pin is forced into the primer cup located at the rear center of the cartridge.
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[*][b]Breech face marks:[/b] These marks come from the area surrounding the firing pin of the gun. After the cartridge powder is ignited by the firing pin striking the primer cup, tremendous pressure is exerted in the chamber of the weapon, forcing the back of the cartridge case against the breech face of the weapon.
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[*][b]Extractor marks:[/b] After a semi-automatic firearm has been fired, an extractor pulls the cartridge from the chamber and ejects it from the weapon.[/list]
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[spoiler][img]https://i.imgur.com/fiDOW1f.jpg[/img][/spoiler]
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[*][b]IBIS BULLETTRAX:[/b]
BULLETTRAX is the projectile acquisition tool for IBIS. It digitally captures the surface of a projectile in 2D and 3D and provides a topographic model of the marks on its circumference.
The BULLETTRAX acquisition station allows the entry of information relating to the projectile on the IBIS network. It identifies the microscopic details on the surface and the macroscopic shape of the projectile. BULLETTRAX uses intelligent surface tracking technology to automatically adapt to deformations present on damaged or fragmented projectiles.
After initial setup by the user, the acquisition process is fully automated. This reduces the amount of user training required and produces consistent image quality as well as optimal comparison performance.
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[spoiler][img]https://i.imgur.com/jWh1LLR.jpg[/img][/spoiler]
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[divbox=black][center][b][color=#FFFFFF](( OOC Procedures ))[/color][/b][/center][/divbox]
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So now that you have learned how to properly RP examining firearms and conducting ballistics analysis, you can follow these steps to utilize the script:
[list=1][*]Use either [b]/casing testweapon[/b] or [b]/casing testserial[/b] in the laboratory.
[*]If the system found any matches, screenshot the results.
[*]If the system was unable to find any matches, equip the gun and fire several times. (Note that you RP'ly shoot the gun anyway, but only proceed to do it scriptly if there were no matches found.) Collect the casings afterwards and label them like this: [b]/casing setlabel all Exemplars: Firearm - Serial - Date & Time[/b]
[*]Submit the casings by pressing [b]Y[/b] in the laboratory. One important note is that you must make sure you have submitted [u]at least 10 casings[/u], so if you fired 10 times but 5 casing were automatically discarded upon submission, you should try again and submit 5 more!
[*]Wait exactly 40 minutes and then run the command again: [b]/casing testweapon[/b] or [b]/casing testserial[/b]
[*]Screenshot the results for the matches that are not the exemplars. If you got matches only to your own exemplars, simply conclude the analysis with a ''no-matches'' result.
[*]Always leave the weapons inside VHQ/MRS evidence locker after you are done.[/list]
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